The elastic modulus of the parent rock for manufactured aggregates is a key factor influencing the mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. This study introduces a novel approach to assumptions about the forces acting on coarse aggregates and mortar under peak compressive stress. Based on the mechanism of coordinated deformation between coarse aggregates and mortar, a prediction model for the compressive strength of high-strength concrete has been developed, which initially considers a series configuration followed by a parallel arrangement. High-strength C60 concrete was created using granite and dolomite coarse aggregates with varying elastic moduli. The findings indicate that the predicted compressive strengths of the concrete made with granite and dolomite aggregates differ from the actual measured values by less than 10%. This model can serve as a reference for determining the appropriate tensioning age of prestressed concrete members and for controlling structural deformation in later stages.