In order to investigate the rheological properties of direct coal liquefaction residue (DCLR) composite modified asphalt mastic, three types of asphalt mastic (SK-90 asphalt mastic, DCLR modified asphalt mastic, and DCLR composite modified asphalt mastic) with four (0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2) filler-asphalt ratios (FA) were designed. Dynamic Shear Rheology (DSR) test, Bending Beam Rheology (BBR) test, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) test, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) test were used to investigate the rheological properties of the mastics. The test results show that: DCLR composite modified asphalt mastic, enhanced by the effect of mineral powder is significantly enhanced, high temperature resistance to flow deformation ability is significantly stronger than SK-90 asphalt mastic; by the temperature change sensitivity is significantly reduced, low temperature rheology is significantly stronger than DCLR modified asphalt mastic. Comprehensive results of the test, three kinds of asphalt mastic optimum filler-asphalt ratios is 0.8, compared with the other two kinds of mastic, DCLR composite modified asphalt mastic has better combined high and low temperature rheology.