Aerogel insulating panels were prepared by sol gel method and normal pressure drying technology. Traditional insulation materials such as expanded polystyrene foam and inorganic glass fiber mat were used as comparisons. Thermocouples were used to test the temperature distribution of insulating boxes. A thermal resistance heat capacity simplified heat transfer model was established to predict the temperature variation of the insulating boxes under periodic outdoor interference, as well as time lag and damping factor of the temperature wave. The results indicate that compared with traditional insulation materials, the time lag of the box of aerogel insulating panel can be doubled and the damping factor can be increased about 40%. Obviously, the aerogel insulating panel is significantly superior to traditional insulating materials in transient thermal performance.