The river sand was replaced by aeolian sand, and the concrete with different aeolian sand substitution rate was prepared. The damage failure law in mass fractions of 3% and 6% MgSO4solution and in clear water was investigated. With nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer, the microscopic pore changes and hydration products in the aeolian sand concrete were analyzed. The results show that the freeze thaw cycle has the least damage to concrete in 6% MgSO4solution; with the increase of aeolian sand replacement rate, the concrete porosity decreases, the free fluid saturation decreases, and the impermeability is enhanced. The ettringite formed by the reaction of MgSO4 with the hydration product will fill the pores of the test piece and further inhibit the participation of MgSO4.The aeolian sand concrete has reasonable pore structure and low permeability, and its anti freeze durability in different freeze thaw media is obviously improved.