In order to study the macroscopic performance of direct coal liquefaction residue (DCLR) modified asphalt and its relationship with distribution of microscopic relative molecular mass, DCLR with different blending content (5%,10%,15%,20%) by mass were mixed with base asphalt (70#). The performance at high temperature, low temperature and fatigue resistance of DCLR modified asphalt were evaluated in terms of penetration and PG performance grading system. The gel permeation chromatography was used to determine the relative molecular mass distribution of DCLR modified asphalt. The relationships between microscopic relative molecular mass distribution parameters (large molecular size（LMS） percentage, medium molecular size(MMS) percentage and small molecular size(SMS) percentage) and macroscopic performance of modified asphalt were investigated. The results indicate that with the blending of DCLR, the contents of heavy components in asphalt binder are increased. It can improve the high temperature performance of asphalt but reduce the low temperature performance and fatigue resistance performance of asphalt significantly. It is appropriate to be used as middle surface course material for DCLR modified binder to improve the ability of high temperature deformation resistance. The optimal DCLR blending content is 5% and it can be used in climate zone of 14. There are significant correlations between the percentage of LMS and macroscopic performance indicators of modified asphalt. The exponential models between them under different temperatures are built based on analysis results.