9 square thin walled steel tube/bamboo plywood composite hollow columns（SBCCs） were used to perform the eccentric compression tests. The failure modes of SBCC loaded were investigated, the influences of slenderness ratio, eccentric distance, hollow ratio and net cross section size of SBCC on the ultimate bearing capacity of SBCC were analyzed, and the calculation model of the ultimate bearing capacity of SBCC was formulated. The results indicate that the compressive failure modes of SBCCs are primarily the glue failure between the matrix interfaces and the cracking damage of bamboo plywood material at the end of the column, the glue failure between the matrix interfaces at the tension side and the buckling damage of plywood material at the compressive side of the middle of the column, and the glue failure of the global column. The ultimate bearing capacity of SBCC generally increases as the net cross section size increases, and decreases as the slenderness ratio, eccentric distance and hollow ratio increase. The calculation model of the ultimate bearing capacity can provide guidance for engineering applications.